30 questions · 20 terms
Questions, answered directly.
What this costs, how long it takes, what buyers check, and what happens to your information.
Working with this desk
Preparation and readiness
Valuation
Buyers and the process
Confidentiality
Glossary
The vocabulary, without the mystique.
Every term a buyer or their counsel will use in the first month of a process.
- CIM
- Confidential Information Memorandum. The primary selling document: business description, financials, market position and growth case, released to buyers after an NDA.
- Teaser
- A one- or two-page anonymous summary of the asset, circulated before any NDA to gauge interest without identifying the seller.
- IOI
- Indication of Interest. A non-binding early expression of price range and structure, requested from all parties on the same date.
- LOI
- Letter of Intent. A more detailed, largely non-binding agreement with one party covering price, structure and conditions, usually granting exclusivity.
- SPA
- Sale and Purchase Agreement. The binding definitive document that actually transfers the asset.
- TSA
- Transition Services Agreement. The arrangement under which the seller keeps providing services such as IT, payroll and finance to the divested business for a defined period at a defined price.
- Carve-out
- The separation of a division, product line or subsidiary from a larger parent so it can be sold as a standalone business.
- Perimeter
- The precise definition of what is included in the transaction: which contracts, people, code, IP and data transfer, and what stays.
- Standalone cost base
- What the divested business would genuinely cost to operate independently, including the group functions it currently consumes for free.
- Stranded cost
- Cost that remains with the parent after separation because it was serving the divested unit and cannot be removed immediately.
- QofE
- Quality of Earnings. An independent review of whether reported earnings are sustainable and correctly stated.
- NRR
- Net Revenue Retention. Revenue from existing customers this period against the same cohort last period, including expansion, contraction and churn.
- GRR
- Gross Revenue Retention. The same measure excluding expansion. It cannot exceed 100% and shows pure leakage.
- ARR
- Annual Recurring Revenue. Contracted, repeating subscription revenue annualised.
- Working capital peg
- The agreed normal level of working capital to be delivered at close. Anything above or below adjusts the price, which makes the mechanism worth negotiating carefully.
- Escrow / holdback
- A portion of the price retained after close to cover potential warranty claims, typically released over twelve to twenty-four months.
- RWI
- Representations and Warranties Insurance. A policy that covers warranty claims in place of a seller indemnity, increasingly used to give sellers a cleaner exit.
- Earnout
- Deferred consideration contingent on the business hitting agreed post-close targets.
- Data room
- The controlled repository of diligence documentation, with per-user access permissions and an audit trail.
- Dry powder
- Committed but undeployed private equity capital, which indicates how much pressure sponsors are under to transact.
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